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WHAT ARE THE PATTERNS?



Problems and Solutions Design. Patterns

Pattern literally means "pattern", "model". In the specific case of the design of websites is a proven solution to a recurring problem. In general, the patterns are not given "a priori" designed around a table and then described and disseminated. Are discovered a posteriori: just browsing the web allows you to identify and catalog them. When a series of sites show a way to respond to a particular applicant problemain a similar situation, you can claim to have identified a pattern.

Here are three links to interesting web sites patterns:
http://www.iawiki.net/WebsitePatterns
http://www.designpattern.lu.unisi.ch/index.htm
http: / / www.welie.com / patterns / index.html


http://www.iawiki.net/WebsitePatterns
E 'an encyclopedia entry (wiki is the name of an encyclopedia online collaboration, where those who know something about a topic to contribute an article, the public oversight provides a mechanism for reporting and correcting errors). IAwiki Artificial Intelligence is a wiki. A more accurate characterization of patterns from this site is as follows.
"Patterns are optimal solutions to common problems. [...] The architect Christopher Alexander was the first to give a name to this phenomenon, in relation to the spaces where you live. [...] The patterns are atomic in that they can be grouped to form more complex patterns: a pattern within a pattern is chair dining room, which is inside a house pattern, which is in a pattern città.Un 'idea that distinguishes a pattern from a simple requirement is that the pattern never lose the sense of their context: they describe things that work together and the rules that govern such collections. "

http:/ / www.designpattern.lu.unisi.ch / index.htm
initiative for the collection and cataloging of patterns already in progress for some time at the University of Italian Switzerland.
last few years has this interface, which is not much better, however, the fact of having one of the founders of the ACM SIGWEB is a trademark of quality (mean SIGWEB Special Interest Group - Web: special interest group for the web, the ACM is the Association for Computing Machinery, literally Association for Computer Machinery, the American is a professional association of computer, mainly).

To see an example of a pattern is going on PatternsRepository : it is a specific page of introduction. From there the categories of patterns which can be accessed are: I nterface / layout, Structure / Navigation, Content-oriented Applications, Browse . For example Interface
contains a list of patterns aimed at arranging objects on a screen. Consider a pattern to search - Simple search .
The scheme of the page is just a rating: name, authors of the pattern, the authors' affiliation, date of creation of the pattern, revision date, then on the right examples and patterns online.
If we look at the dates of creation and change we see an inconsistency: the creation is the modification of 06/03/1999 and 15/03/1999: How can the changes precede the creation? Evidently there is a misconception or more simply of writing dates. But if the error is to write the dates you have reason to think that the dates themselves are not handled automatically by the system, but rather entered manually by a human being.

The pattern is: the problem, discussion (explanation of the problem), solution.
The simple search allows you to make research without having to deal with too complex search forms, which meets about 80% of surfers, for 20% who want more sophisticated search features is the links to advanced search features. To operate well, we recommend you always provide a simple search in the first instance, that you must combine an advanced search. The simple search is now almost everywhere, but often lack the advanced search.

One example among many simple search + advanced search, the field at the top left of:
http://www.hoepli.it/

Unlike what happens with many other patterns in the column right in the examples are not listed examples actual use of the pattern, probably because it is so widespread that they have no need of examples (but not the examples, however, in principle, a defect).
In some cases the links section gives examples of other patterns not found error page (ie web pages that existed when the pattern was classified and described no longer exist). The fact that the links do not appear to be more active in all its importance: the web is a repository of information that is used in various ways and studied, and then not build the information so that it can remain accessible at all times seems to be the result the problem of misunderstanding or carelessness, or the like. To make long-lasting the links to examples that should be the pages were copied to the site http://www.designpattern.lu.unisi.ch/ .


http://www.welie.com/patterns/index.html
The site of a Dutch computer interface designer and usability expert.
In this site, very well done and interesting, you can visit the section devoted to patterns of browsing the page about the pattern of main navigation: Main Navigation

The main example is taken from the Apple site (image not is newer, but the concept is still valid), it still adopts the same main navigation: a first level, and when you select an item in the first layer appears a second level of navigation that specifies the contents selected at the first level. The scheme

concise presentation of the pattern is structured as the site of the University of Italian Switzerland in three respects: Problem - Situation - Solution.

Problem: Users Need to Know Where They Can Find What They are looking for. When
Use: All sites need some form of main navigation.
Solution: Place an always visible menu at a fixed position on the page. Support this main menu with additional navigation tools.

The main navi-gation is described in reference to three forms usually taken: the vertical menu (at left), horizontal menu (top) and inverted L menu (ie the horizontal menu at the top and the vertical menu on the left). Each has its advantages and limitations. For example, the second horizontal menu van Welie not stand more than 6 to 8 items, for reasons of space and can not show more than 2 to 3 levels for the same reasons.

very common is the inverted L-shaped navigation of the site of the University of Milan offers an example: http://www.unimi.it/

welie.com The site gives an example of simple vertical navigation on the left (the type A) from the cnn.com site: http://www.cnn.com/
and an inverted L-shaped navigation adobe.com site: http://www.adobe.com/


now briefly describe three possible patterns of browsing.

Bread crumbs
Another pattern of navigation are the bread crumbs, bread crumbs Tom Thumb he needed to find their way and go back home.
example below, the site http://www.macromedia.com/ ,
the breadcrumbs are indications of logical steps of the navigation path followed to reach the page where you are. Usually the words that identify the location that are clickable, allowing navigation back 'to jump', and avoid having to retrace all the steps.

The website of the University Vita-Salute S. Raffaele adopt this method of navigation: http://www.unihsr.it/

Double tab
's another pattern of navigation. The main navigation Apple http://www.apple.com/ , in the form of a horizontal menu at the top, is analyzed in the way that presents the voices of the second level.
Each time you click on a knight bachelor, how is the word Quicktime example, the entries appear with the second level which details the content 'clicked'. Another example
http://www.amazon.com/ : selecting books from the first level of navigation, they appear various entries that specify the destinations within the guideline "books."

Meta navigation
Meta navigation covers all content that has a site irrespective of the particular page that the surfer has achieved. It may be an example of the Contacts, map (or search), copyright, disclaimer, and the like.
meta navigation entries are present on all pages of a given site, always with the same look, and at the same location. An example
http://www.inter.it/ with entries
Home Company Team Season Tickets Community Sponsor, always positioned in the top menu.

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WHAT 'THE netiquette?



good manners on the Internet. The Netiquette

The quality of service offered to the web often dpiende also by how we behave our Web users in the network.
The Web is a "universal" management of information; 'universal' because each individual can potentially access information contained in the network.
Until the mid-nineties, the Internet access was very complicated. The "new recruits" to navigate through the online resources were to ask for help from veterans, then move the Internet requires considerable capacity and competence to be initiated. The need to get help from others in order to unravel in this new space had, among others, an educational effect, with this exchange of expertise will educate new users to the proper use of network resources. In particular, among the readers of Usenet news services (Usenet is a worldwide network consists of thousands of newsgroups), have developed over time a body of principles of good behavior. This set of principles goes by the name of Netiquette: a sort of etiquette ( from French by Etiquette ) Network (Net ).

The ease with which you can now connect to the Internet has led to the next positive data accessibility 'to the most varied types of information by a increasing number of people, a negative effect. New users are often not properly trained for proper use of network resources.

What are the principles of Netiquette?

The set of rules called Netiquette is essentially aimed at enforce and maintain online resources and the respect and cooperation with other Internet users. It 's a set of rules that govern the behavior of a user on a newsgroup, mailing list or e-mail in general.
Each network user is important to recognize and understand their responsibility in having access to many services, sites, systems and information. Entering the Internet leads to a huge mass of data available, in most cases free of charge by other users. Based on these considerations require that the rules of Netiquette is essential to those who give respect, often voluntarily, and have provided loans to enable everyone to access data and information that would otherwise have few assets or even individuals.

It is reasonable to consider that Internet anarchy reigns ordered. There a central authority that regulates what can be done and what is not in the network. The proper functioning of things and the quality of what flows in the network is delegated the responsibility individuale.Si may therefore decide to get on the Internet as civilians, or otherwise, you can use the network behaving as predators or vandals looting the resources in it. It is however clear that things will continue to operate only in the presence of an individual self-discipline and that it is a risk of self-destruction of the entire structure on conduct uncivilized mass of the establishment of a central authority or supervision.

In the words of T. Berners Lee:

"The Web must be able to convey, in an impartial, beauty and ugliness, honesty and falsehood. Users who are all obviously complain and sometimes request that it be organized and filtered. However, not only a central authority for the quality [of the contents of the Web] would be a disaster for the company but also any specific characterization data is merely the point of view of a single person. Human knowledge is not a tree but a network, "See www.w3.org/2002/04/japan/lecture.html

Examples of inappropriate actions on the network can be: the illegal file information on a system; the use of disrespectful language or not appreciated in public or private conversations, the sending of messages that will most likely result in the loss of recipients' work or systems, send spam, the sending of "chain letters," or messages "broadcast" (sent a copy to all) to lists or groups of users and any other use that may cause network congestion or otherwise interfere in the activities of others. However

respect for netiquette is not required by any law. It is based on a shared convention. Ignoring the rules of netiquette involves a general disapproval from other Internet users, often an isolation of the subject "rude" and sometimes the request to suspend some services used to commit acts contrary to it (usually your e-mail and usenet). From a legal aspect, the etiquette is often invoked in contracts for the provision of access by the provider. Disciplinary action taken by a body of opinion called for investigation and other similar abuses may result in permanent revocation of the right of access.

The following is a brief summary of the basic principles of netiquette approved by the NIC, the Italian Registration Authority - http://www.nic.it .

ethics and standards of good use of network services : See
http://www.nic.it/NA/modul.html # g11

When you join a new newsgroup or a new distribution list via e-mail, read the messages posted there for at least two weeks before sending their messages around the world: in this way we become aware of ' argument and the method by which it is in that community.

1. If you send a message, you know that it is concise, clear and direct in describing the problem.

2. Do not deviate from the topic of the newsgroup or mailing list.

3. If you reply to a message, only the relevant sections of the original message in order to facilitate understanding by those who have not read it, but do not put any systematic the entire original message.

4. Do not engage in "opinion wars" on the network through messages and replies: if you have personal discussions, solve them via e-mail correspondence between the parties concerned.

5. Never publish without the express permission of the author, the content of email messages.

6. Do not post stupid messages or take sides of either one of the contenders in a debate. Always read the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) about the subject matter before submitting new applications.

7. Do not send e-mail advertisements or communications that were not solicited explicitly.

8. Be tolerant with users who makes syntactical or grammar errors. The writer is still required to improve their language in order to be understood in the community.

the previously mentioned rules we must add the following criteria based on common sense: A

The network is used as a working tool for many users. They do not have time to read messages, useless or of a personal nature and therefore not of interest.
B Any activity which heavily traffic on the network, such as for example the transfer of bulk data, reduces the overall efficiency of network. It is therefore recommended to perform these tasks at times other than those fully operational (eg at night), taking into account any time differences.
C There are a number of sites on the network server (file server) that contain copies of updated documentation, software and other items available on the network. Find out in advance which is the server node more accessible to you. If a file is available locally or on it, there is no reason to load it from the network, wasting bandwidth and waiting much longer for the transfer.
D The software made available on the network can 'be protected by copyrights and / or constraints use of various kinds. Always read the documentation before you use it, modify it or redistribute it in any way and in whatever form.
E clearly improper conduct by a user, such as:
violate the security of files and computers;
violate the privacy of other users, reading or intercepting e-mail for them;
affect the operation of network and of its constituent with programs (viruses, trojan horses, etc..) purpose-built, are the real and, as such crimes are punishable by law.


* To report violations of netiquette (Spam, cookies bestial, junk mail, etc..)
http://www.nic.it/NA/mailspam.html

* An introductory reading to the theme of "good manners on the Internet", although a bit 'dated:
Jacquement Marco (1995): The etiquette of cibernauta, Editions CASTELVECCHIO Rome

* For more details:
In English, http://www.albion.com/netiquette/index.html

In English, "The Net: User Guidelines and Netiquette", ebook by A. Rinaldi, http://www.cs.biu.ac.il/home/leagal/netguide/index.html

In Italian - the chapter "The etiquette is not an etiquette" from an ebook G. Livraghi, http://www.gandalf.it/uman/42.htm

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PHYSICAL DIGITAL VS. MUSEUMS ONLINE


Museums online. Contradiction or Opportunity?

"A museum is a permanent, non-profit organization, serving the society and its development, which acquires, conserves, research, communication and exhibition, for purposes of study, education and enjoyment, material evidence of people and their environment. "

-ICOM. Statutes, Art. 2, par. 1 Amended by the 20th General Assembly of ICOM, Barcelona, \u200b\u200bSpain, July 6, 2001 -


Given this definition from the International Council of Museums ( http://icom.museum ), it must be borne in mind that museums, taken together, constitute a sort of "galaxy". Each museum has a certain history in fact, has its own content, its collections and compositions. We consider the museum as a unifying symbol of the diverse cultures of the countries and regions. The museum is itself a means of cultural communication, with their codes and languages \u200b\u200bdeveloped and tested for a long time.
Museums arise as collections of antiquities and art in the major courts of the sixteenth-seventeenth-century Italian and European at the behest of the principles so that they intended to represent (and communicate) their power to small groups admitted to visit. In the nineteenth century in particular, will be open to all citizens, taking full advantage of the function of public interest in conservation of cultural heritage sites and places of education that still hold. So the definition of "public" applied by the institution museum must be understood in a broad sense, as close to the museums owned and operated, there are also public foundations, private institutions or enterprises but also perform the function of public dissemination of culture.

Evidently the nature of museums is not uniform. Besides the so-called "great museums", especially made up of collections of historical and often host large exhibitions, more and more terminals of mass tourism (eg such as the Louvre http://www.louvre.fr , the British Museum http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/ ) were added to Recent experiences such as the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao http://www.guggenheim-bilbao.es/ , consisting of museums created from scratch.

There are also "local museums, a dense network of museums that are broadcast across the welding of memory in social dialogue, the place of reference for understanding the history of a city, region, facts and people the cultural background of the reality they have contributed. The term "local" does not be misunderstood. The term "local museum" museum is to be understood as rooted in the territory, sometimes very large and representative.
The foregoing is a brief overview of the different types of museums. With it was intended to highlight the many characters of these institutions, however, have fundamental unifying moments in the mission of the storage area of \u200b\u200bmemory and the task of education.
Under these circumstances, it is necessary to clarify what role can be played by Web applications to support (and develop) the activities of a museum. In most cases, at least in its long testing period, the online tool has been used mainly as a means of information, as showcase.

Greater knowledge of the potential of the instrument, along with a better awareness of possible applications, even by those assigned to the industry (directors, curators, researchers etc..) Can now develop Web applications in which the quality of cultural content is requirement. In a word, from the website "showcase" you must tend to a Web site that thesaurus, fully reflecting the identity of the museum, are meant to be, yes of information, but also an instrument - inside and outside - for the dissemination, consultation, research and education on the contents of the museum.
The website of a museum and then tends to become an ever more important not only in comparison to traditional services (reservation requests, ticket sales, catalogs, etc..) But for the conduct of the priority tasks of education reserved for the museum.

At this point it is right to wonder what kind of relationship established between the museum physical and virtual museum so the result is quality?

First a clarification of terminology. Speaking of "virtual reality ..." and "real reality ..." does not recognize the reality of the web is so real that reckless action in that I can actually suffer harm in the bank account. This is an example of a paradox, but that fully corresponds to reality. So that the web is not a virtual reality (virtual = potential, possible, potentially, as opposed to real), but a digital reality .
Second, there is no reason to feel sorry for the discrepancy that there may be between the two sides - digital and physical - of a museum.
sites of the museums do not always include complete online access to all the content of the corresponding physical museum in the world. Often the sites of the museums present a selection of property owned by the museum of the physical world. The reasons are many: it suffices to consider the cost of bringing online the entire contents of the museum, but also the fear that introducing a website, digital, everything on the physical museum can bring down the number of physical visitors to the museum.
On the other hand, digital technology allows you to do things in physical reality, while theoretically possible would be practically difficult, tiring, ...: for example, provide multiple routes of access to a finite set of objects (in physical reality would require re -distribute objects and reconstruct the routes of access; always having time for only one actually traveled by visitors). The digital, then lets you do things in physical reality would be quite impossible; for example an archaeological museum, such as the Egyptian Museum in Cairo http://www.egyptianmuseum.gov.eg/ could link and show images of instruments and objects in museums of similar purpose and content all over the world, in fact, in our example, See http://www.egyptianmuseum.gov.eg/links.html .

Another example. [I take this example from reference 2, below vd]
Think of the Louvre Museum. That Paris was the first of the major public cultural institutions in the world with an interest in the opportunities provided by Internet to improve the quality - which is already excellent - the services offered by the museum. "Currently http://www.louvre.fr is one of the best web services on the network. The virtual museum of the Louvre is divided into several sections of which it is impossible to give a full description. Of particular interest are the sections ' Collections ' and 'Virtual visit' . The first provides access to the pages describing the various collections that comprise the priceless heritage of the museum. Each in turn leads to the list of nations for centuries and works, which finally get the detailed files on major works, accompanied by images of good quality. One can not help but notice that no visitor to the museum in Paris can see the work with this level of detail. Section 'Virtual visit' you instead of analyzing the architecture of the museum and see all the rooms through a series of 3D Quicktime VR made with good definition.

The extreme case of discrepancies between the museum and paradoxical digital and online museum is a museum that exists only online. A fine example is its Schatzraum (treasury) which gives us access to the site of the Nibelungen Museum ( http://www.nibelungenmuseum.de dedicated , as the name suggests, the myth of the Nibelungs).
Another example of digital-only museum is the Museum's Web Nicolas Pioch ( http://www.ibiblio.org/wm ) One of the first to be born in 1994.

Ultimately, the lack of relevance between the two worlds, digital and physical does not mean that it is always a problem, indeed. Thinking of recreating the physical world that you have a web site would not be possible, on the other hand is not even possible to recreate the digital world of a web site that you have in the physical world. Rather, it could take advantage of the features of both to achieve better interaction and better operational effectiveness and is communicative.



* For a more detailed discussion on the relationship between museums and digital museums physical:
1.Cfr. http://www.minervaeurope.org/
Project Minerva museums.

2.Cfr. http://www.laterza.it/
A chapter of an e-book in Italian on the Internet very well done.

* The directory of Italian museums online:
3. http://www.museionline.it/

ICOM * The directory of online museums:
4. http://vlmp.icom.museum/